Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord is a long,
tubelike structure that starts from the end of the brain stem and continues to
the bottom of the spine.It is most important structure between the body and the
brain.It consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between
the brain and the rest of the body.
Any damage to the spinal
cord either from trauma, loss of its normal blood supply, or compression from
tumor or infection, that causes changes its function, either temporary or
permanent is called spinal cord injury (SCI) .These changes translate into loss
of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in parts of the body
served by the spinal cord below the level of the lesion. Spinal
cord is very sensitive to injury. If it is damaged the spinal cord does not
have the ability to repair itself unlike other body parts.
Types
of Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries
are divided into two: Incomplete and Complete.
Incomplete spinal cordinjuries: In an incomplete spinal cord injury there is some remaining function
below the level of the injury. In most cases both sides of the body are
affected equally.
Complete spinal cordinjuries: In a complete spinal cord injury there is complete loss of sensation
and muscle function in the body below the level of the injury.Though, with
treatment and physical therapy, it may be possible to regain some function.
The most common types
of incomplete or partial spinal cord injuries are
Anterior cord syndrome:
This type of injury,damages the motor and sensory pathways in the spinal cord
as it affect the front part of spinal cord.The patient may retain some
sensation, but struggle with movement.
Central cord syndrome: This
occur when there is a damage to the nerves that carry signals from the brain to
the spinal cord and also when an injury to the center of the cord.Common
symptoms include loss of fine motor skills, paralysis of the arms, and partial
impairment—usually less pronounced in the legs.
Brown-Sequard syndrome:
This type of injury occur when damage to one side of the spinal cord. The
injury may be more affect on one side of the body; ie movement may be
impossible on the right side, but may be fully retained on the left.
Depending upon the
nature of injuries the spinal cord injuries include:
Tetraplegia: Damage to
the cervical spinal cord results tetraplegia.These are typically the most
severe, producing varying degrees of paralysis of all limbs. Tetraplegia also known
as quadriplegia cause the ability to move below the part of the injury, and may
produce difficulties in respiration ,bladder and bowel control, , and other
routine functions.
Paraplegia:Movement and
sensation are removed from the lower half of the body, including the legs
results Paraplegia. Damage to the thoracic spinal cord cause Paraplegia.Injuries
are typically more severe when they are closer to the top vertebra.
Triplegia: Loss of movement
and sensation in one arm and both legs cause Triplegia .It is typically the
product of an incomplete spinal cord injury.
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